Preface to the Third Edition
Section I: Columbus and the Transit of Civilization
The Iberian Background
1. Stuart B. Schwartz: Brazil’s Portuguese Heritage Should Not Be Forgotten
2. Derek W. Lomax: Spain During the Reconquest
3. Felipe Fernández-Armesto: The Conquest of the Canary Islands
Christopher Columbus: Man and Myth
4. Christopher Columbus: “I have found many islands, inhabited by numberless people”
5. John Noble Wilford: His Place in History
From Hemisphere to Hemisphere
6. William D. Phillips, Jr., and Carla Rahn Phillips: The Effect of the American Conquests on Europe
7. Alfred W. Crosby: The Disastrous Effects of European Diseases in the New World
Section II: Was Inca Rule Tyrannical?
Favorable Assessments
1. Pedro Cieza de Léon: How the Incas Achieved So Much
2. Mancio Sierra de Leguízamo: Spaniards Corrupted an Ideal Indian Society
3. Garcilaso de la Vega: “The Incas Had Attained to a High State of Perfection … No Thoughtful Man Can Fail to Admire So Noble and Provident a Government”
The Spanish Justification for Conquest
4. Lewis Hanke: Viceroy Francisco de Toledo’s Attack on Inca Rule
A Modern Interpretation
5. Alfred Métraux: “The Incas Combined the Most Absolute Kind of Despotism with the Greatest Tolerance Toward the Social and Political Order of Its Subject Peoples”
Section III: Patterns of Conquest
Hispaniola
1. Bartolomé de las Casas: “They Slaughtered Anyone and Everyone in Their Path”
Mesoamerica
2. Bernal Díaz del Castillo: The True History of the Conquest of Mexico
3. Miguel Léon Portilla: The Grief of the Conquered: “Broken Spears Lie in the Roads”
4. Ross Hassig: “The Conquest of Mexico was Not the Victory of a Spanish Juggernaut”
5. Inga Clendinnen: The Conquest of Yucatán
The South American Frontier
6. Doña Isabel de Guevara: “The Men Became So Weak that All the Tasks Fell on the Poor Women”
7. Louis de Armond: In Fighting Ability, the Araucanians Soon Surpassed the Spaniards
Section IV: The Spanish Struggle for Justice
The First Cry for Justice
1. Lewis Hanke: The Sermons of Friar Antonio de Montesinos, 1511
Fundamental Laws
2. Inter Caetera, the Papal Bull of 1493
3. The Requirement, 1513, a Most Remarkable Document
4. The New Laws, 1542
5. Royal Ordinances on “Pacification,”1573
The Valladolid Debate
6. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: “War Against These Barbarians Can Be Justified”
7. Bartolomé de las Casas: In Defense of the Indians
Interpretations
8. Charles Gibson: Spanish Exploitation of Indians in Central Mexico
9. Lewis Hanke: The Dawn of Conscience in America
Section V: The Introduction of African Slavery in Spanish America
The Atlantic Slave Trade
1. Ann M. Pescatello: “The Greatest Involuntary Migration in Western History”
Section VI: António Vieira and the Crises of Seventeenth-Century Brazil
The “Babylonian Captivity”
1. Stuart B. Schwartz: Brazil Under Spanish Rule, 1580–1640
The Dutch in Brazil
2. Charles R. Boxer: The Humanist Prince Johan Maurits in Recife, 1637–1644
The Sermons and Letters of António Vieira
3. Sermon Condemning Indian Slavery, 1653
4. Sermon for Sexagesima Sunday, Preached in the Royal Chapel, Lisbon, 1655
5. Letter to King Alfonso VI of Portugal, April 20, 1657
6. Report on the Conversion of the Nheengabas, Letter to Alfonso VI, November 28, 1659
The African Threat
7. Raymond K. Kent: Palmares: An African Threat in Brazil
Section VII: The Development of Society
The Position of Women
1. Donald Chipman: Isabel Moctezuma: Pioneer of Mestizaje
2. James Lockhart: Spanish Women of the Second Generation in Peru
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
3. Irving A. Leonard: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: “The Supreme Poet of Her Time in Castilian”
The Texture of Urban Life
4. Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa: Class and Caste in Eighteenth-Century Quito
5. Lewis Hanke: The Imperial City of Potosí, Boom Town Supreme
6. Charles R. Boxer: The Bay of All Saints
Section VIII: Crisis and Climax in the Eighteenth Century
The Revolt of Tupac Amaru in Peru
1. Luis Martin: The Last Incan Rebellion
2. Benjamin Keen: Documents from the Revolt of Tupac Amaru
3. Ward Stavig: A Modern Interpretation
Mexico
4. Lyle N. McAlister: The Reorganization of the Army
5. Alexander von Humboldt: Problems and Progress in Mexico
Section IX: Historical Interpretations
1. Juan de Solórzano y Pereyra: A Seventeenth-Century Defense of Spanish Treatment of the Indians
2. Philip W. Powell: The Three Centuries of Spanish Rule in America Should Not Be Characterized as a “Tyranny” or as “Oppressive”
3. Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein: The Pre-eminent Social Legacy of Colonialism was the Degradation of the Labor Force, Indian and Negro, Everywhere in Latin America
4. R. A. Humphreys: The Fall of the Spanish American Empire
Suggestions for Further Reading and Viewing