Acknowledgments
Introduction
Fatwas and Muftis
Muslims under Non-Muslim Rule
Notes on These Thesis
1. The End of Muslim Spain
Al-Wansharīsī on the Leader of the Muslims of Christian Marbella
Al-Ramlī on the Muslims of Christian Spain
2. Rulers Who Falsely Claim to Be Muslims
Ibn Taymiyya on the Town of Mārdīn under the Mongols
ʿUthmān Ibn Fūdī and Hausaland .
Interpretations of Ibn Fūdī in the Age of British Imperialism in Hausaland
3. India
Fatwās in Favor of British Rule
Karamat ʿAli: British India Is the Abode of Islam
Sayyid Ahmad Khan: On the Ambiguous Status of India
The 1920 Hijrat to Afghanistan
The End of Calls for Migration from India
4. The French in North Africa
Ibn al-Shāhid on the Muslims of French Algeria
Fatwas Compiles by French Colonial Officials in Algeria
Muhamad b. Ahmad Illaysh on the Muslims in French Africa
Fatwās for the French
Fatwās for the French in Mauritania
5. The Birth of Minority Jurisprudence (fiqh al-aqalliyyāt) .
Rashīd Riḍā: On French Citizenship
Rashīd Riḍā: Must Muslims Leave Austro-Hungarian Bosnia? .
6. Minority Jurisprudence (fiqh al-aqalliyyāt) in the Twentieth Century
Al-ʿAlwānī: On Participation in the American Political Process .
Against Minority Jurisprudence–The Views of Saʿīd Ramaḍān al-Būṭī
Appendix: Israel/Palestine
Al-Albānī: On Remaining in Territories Occupied by Israel.
Al- Būṭī: A Refutation of Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī on Palestine
Suggestions for Further Reading in English on Muslims under Non-Muslim Rule